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scipy.stats.

# binned_statistic

scipy.stats.binned_statistic(x, values, statistic='mean', bins=10, range=None)

  Compute a binned statistic for one or more sets of data.

  This is a generalization of a histogram function. A histogram divides the space into bins, and returns the count of the number of points in each bin. This function allows the computation of the sum, mean, median, or other statistic of the values (or set of values) within each bin.

  Parameters:
    x(N,) array_like

      A sequence of values to be binned.

    values(N,) array_like or list of (N,) array_like

      The data on which the statistic will be computed. This must be the same shape as x, or a set of sequences - each the same shape as x. If values is a set of sequences, the statistic will be computed on each independently.

    statistic string or callable, optional

      The statistic to compute (default is ‘mean’). The following statistics are available:

      > - ‘mean’ : compute the mean of values for points within each bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.

      > - ‘std’ : compute the standard deviation within each bin. This is implicitly calculated with ddof=0.

      > - ‘median’ : compute the median of values for points within each bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.

      > - ‘count’ : compute the count of points within each bin. This is identical to an unweighted histogram. values array is not referenced.

      > - ‘sum’ : compute the sum of values for points within each bin. This is identical to a weighted histogram.

      > - ‘min’ : compute the minimum of values for points within each bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.

      > - ‘max’ : compute the maximum of values for point within each bin. Empty bins will be represented by NaN.

      > - function : a user-defined function which takes a 1D array of values, and outputs a single numerical statistic. This function will be called on the values in each bin. Empty bins will be represented by function([]), or NaN if this returns an error.

    bins int or sequence of scalars, optional

      If bins is an int, it defines the number of equal-width bins in the given range (10 by default). If bins is a sequence, it defines the bin edges, including the rightmost edge, allowing for non-uniform bin widths. Values in x that are smaller than lowest bin edge are assigned to bin number 0, values beyond the highest bin are assigned to `bins[-1]`. If the bin edges are specified, the number of bins will be, (nx = len(bins)-1).

    range(float, float) or [(float, float)], optional

      The lower and upper range of the bins. If not provided, range is simply `(x.min(), x.max())`. Values outside the range are ignored.

  Returns:
    statistic array

      The values of the selected statistic in each bin.

    bin_edges array of dtype float

      Return the bin edges `(length(statistic)+1)`.

    binnumber: 1-D ndarray of ints

      Indices of the bins (corresponding to bin_edges) in which each value of x belongs. Same length as values. A binnumber of i means the corresponding value is between (bin_edges[i-1], bin_edges[i]).

  See also

  `numpy.digitize`, `numpy.histogram`, `binned_statistic_2d`, `binned_statistic_dd`

  Notes

  All but the last (righthand-most) bin is half-open. In other words, if bins is `[1, 2, 3, 4]`, then the first bin is `[1, 2)` (including 1, but excluding 2) and the second `[2, 3)`. The last bin, however, is `[3, 4]`, which includes 4.

  Added in version 0.11.0.

  Array API Standard Support

  `binned_statistic` has experimental support for Python Array API Standard compatible backends in addition to NumPy. Please consider testing these features by setting an environment variable `SCIPY_ARRAY_API=1` and providing CuPy, PyTorch, JAX, or Dask arrays as array arguments. The following combinations of backend and device (or other capability) are supported.

  Library | CPU | GPU
  --- | --- | ---
  NumPy | ✅ | n/a
  CuPy | n/a | ⛔
  PyTorch | ⛔ | ⛔
  JAX | ⛔ | ⛔
  Dask | ⛔ | n/a

  > See Support for the array API standard for more information.

  Examples

      >>> import numpy as np
      >>> from scipy import stats
      >>> import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

  First some basic examples:

  Create two evenly spaced bins in the range of the given sample, and sum the corresponding values in each of those bins:

      >>> values = [1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 3.0]
      >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 1, 2, 5, 7], values, 'sum', bins=2)
      BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([4. , 4.5]),
              bin_edges=array([1., 4., 7.]), binnumber=array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))

  Multiple arrays of values can also be passed. The statistic is calculated on each set independently:

      >>> values = [[1.0, 1.0, 2.0, 1.5, 3.0], [2.0, 2.0, 4.0, 3.0, 6.0]]
      >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 1, 2, 5, 7], values, 'sum', bins=2)
      BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([[4. , 4.5],
             [8. , 9. ]]), bin_edges=array([1., 4., 7.]),
             binnumber=array([1, 1, 1, 2, 2]))

      >>> stats.binned_statistic([1, 2, 1, 2, 4], np.arange(5), statistic='mean',
      ...                        bins=3)
      BinnedStatisticResult(statistic=array([1., 2., 4.]),
              bin_edges=array([1., 2., 3., 4.]),
              binnumber=array([1, 2, 1, 2, 3]))

  As a second example, we now generate some random data of sailing boat speed as a function of wind speed, and then determine how fast our boat is for certain wind speeds:

      >>> rng = np.random.default_rng()
      >>> windspeed = 8 * rng.random(500)
      >>> boatspeed = .3 * windspeed**.5 + .2 * rng.random(500)
      >>> bin_means, bin_edges, binnumber = stats.binned_statistic(windspeed,
      ...                 boatspeed, statistic='median', bins=[1,2,3,4,5,6,7])
      >>> plt.figure()
      >>> plt.plot(windspeed, boatspeed, 'b.', label='raw data')
      >>> plt.hlines(bin_means, bin_edges[:-1], bin_edges[1:], colors='g', lw=5,
      ...            label='binned statistic of data')
      >>> plt.legend()

  Now we can use `binnumber` to select all datapoints with a windspeed below 1:

      >>> low_boatspeed = boatspeed[binnumber == 0]

  As a final example, we will use `bin_edges` and `binnumber` to make a plot of a distribution that shows the mean and distribution around that mean per bin, on top of a regular histogram and the probability distribution function:

      >>> x = np.linspace(0, 5, num=500)
      >>> x_pdf = stats.maxwell.pdf(x)
      >>> samples = stats.maxwell.rvs(size=10000)

      >>> bin_means, bin_edges, binnumber = stats.binned_statistic(x, x_pdf,
      ...         statistic='mean', bins=25)
      >>> bin_width = (bin_edges[1] - bin_edges[0])
      >>> bin_centers = bin_edges[1:] - bin_width/2

      >>> plt.figure()
      >>> plt.hist(samples, bins=50, density=True, histtype='stepfilled',
      ...          alpha=0.2, label='histogram of data')
      >>> plt.plot(x, x_pdf, 'r-', label='analytical pdf')
      >>> plt.hlines(bin_means, bin_edges[:-1], bin_edges[1:], colors='g', lw=2,
      ...            label='binned statistic of data')
      >>> plt.plot((binnumber - 0.5) * bin_width, x_pdf, 'g.', alpha=0.5)
      >>> plt.legend(fontsize=10)
      >>> plt.show()